以三相100kVA的UPS(负载功率因数0.8)为例。输出额定电压为400V,输出额定电流为145A。按这个标准的规定用纯阻性负载,调节输出电流达到额定值,则输出功率P=1.732×400×145=100kW,超过了UPS额定输出功率80kW,明显过载了。这个测试得到的结果是什么条件下的结果呢?能够说明问题吗?
在国标GB/T7260-3中做这个测试是连接输出有功功率的电阻负载,而不是额定电流,这两者是有区别的。这是一个很简单的常识。
在这个测试中要求电压恢复到220V(1±3%),不知道是出于什么考虑。还用上例,这种UPS的静态稳定电压变化范围为±1%,而这个标准却只要到±3%就够了。看来是放宽了要求,但这样得到的时间是电压瞬变恢复时间吗?而国标GB/T7260-3中是这么描述的:
创宁蓄电池NP-XA12200CH 12V200AH系列简介
创宁蓄电池特性;
1.密封性:采用电池槽盖、极柱双重密封设计,防止漏酸,可靠的安全阀可防止外部H2、O2 和尘埃进入电池内部。
2.免维护:H2O 再生能力强,密封反应效率高,在整个电池的使用过程中无需补水或加酸维护。
3.安全可靠:无酸液溢出,可靠的安全阀的自动闭合, 防爆设备的装置使赛能电池在整个使用过程中更加安全可靠。
4.长寿命设计:计算机精设计的耐腐蚀铅钙铅合金板栅、ABS耐腐蚀材料的使用和极高的密封反应效率保证了蓄电池的长寿命。
5. 性能高
(1) 体重比能量高,内阻小,输出功率高。
(2) 充放电性能高,自放电控制在每个月2%以下(20℃)。
(3) 恢复性能好,在深放电或者充电器出现故障时,短路放置30天后,仍可使用均衡充电法使其恢复容量。
(4)由于单体电池的内阻、容量、浮充电压一致性好,电池在浮充使用状态下无需均衡充电。
6.温度适应性强:可在-40℃~50℃下安全、放心地使用。
7.使用和运输安全简便:满荷电出厂,无游离电解液,电池可横向放置,并可以无危险材料进行水、陆运输。
8.:蓄电池极高的性能,超长的使用寿命,极低的维护成本确保用户得到的是性价比非常高的产品。
创宁蓄电池介绍;
· 重量、体积比能量高,内阻小,输出功率高
· 自放电小,20摄氏度平均每月的自放电率不大于3%
· 独特配方,深放电恢复性能优良
· 采用高纯度原材料,严格的生产过程控制,保证产品的各项指标一致性好
· 采用计算机精设计的耐腐蚀钙铅锡合金板栅和极高的密封反应效率使电池的使用寿命显著延长
· 满荷电出厂,使用方便,安全防爆
Chuangning battery characteristics;
1. Sealing: double sealing design of cell cover and pole isadopted to prevent acid leakage. Reliable safety valve can preventexternal H2, O2 and dust from entering the battery.
2. Maintenance free: H2O has strong regeneration capacity andhigh sealing reaction efficiency, so there is no need to supplementwater or add acid for maintenance in the whole battery useprocess.
3. Safety and reliability: no acid overflow, reliable automaticclosing of safety valve, explosion-proof device makes the batterymore safe and reliable in the whole use process.
4. Long life design: the use of corrosion-resistant lead calciumlead alloy grid, ABS corrosion-resistant material and high sealingreaction efficiency designed by computer ensure the long life ofbattery.
5. High performance
(1) High specific energy of body weight, small internalresistance and high output power.
(2) The charge discharge performance is high, and the selfdischarge is controlled below 2% per month (20 ℃).
(3) The recovery performance is good. In case of deep dischargeor charger failure, the balanced charging method can still be usedto recover the capacity after 30 days of short circuit.
(4) Due to the good consistency of the internal resistance,capacity and floating charge voltage of the single battery, thebattery does not need to be evenly charged in the floating chargestate.
6. Strong temperature adaptability: it can be used safely andsafely under - 40 ℃ ~ 50 ℃.
7. Safe and simple use and transportation: the battery can beplaced horizontally without free electrolyte, and can betransported by water or land without dangerous materials.
8. High cost performance: the battery has extremely highperformance, long service life and low maintenance cost, whichensures that users get products with very high costperformance.
Introduction to chuangning battery;
·High specific energy of weight and volume, small internalresistance and high output power
·Small self discharge, average self discharge rate of 20 ℃ permonth is not more than 3%
·Unique formula, excellent deep discharge recoveryperformance
·Adopt high-purity raw materials and strict production processcontrol to ensure good consistency of product indexes
·The corrosion-resistant calcium lead tin alloy grid designed bycomputer and the extremely high sealing reaction efficiency makethe service life of the battery significantly longer
·Fully charged factory, easy to use, safe andexplosion-proof
Application field and classification of chuangning battery:
◆ maintenance free without fluid replenishment; ● UPS;
◆ small internal resistance, good high current dischargeperformance; ● fire standby power supply;
◆ wide temperature adaptation; ● safety protection alarmsystem;
◆ small self discharge; ● emergency lighting system;
◆ long service life; ● electric power, post andtelecommunications communication system;
◆ charged factory, easy to use; ● electronic instruments;
◆ safe and explosion-proof; ● electric tools, electric toys;
◆ unique formula, good deep discharge recovery performance; ●portable electronic equipment;
◆ there is no free electrolyte, and it can still be used sidedown; ● photographic equipment;
◆ the products have passed CE and ROHS certification, and allbatteries ● solar and wind power generation systems;
In line with national standards. ● patrol bicycles, red andgreen warning lights, etc.
创宁蓄电池蓄电池应用领域与分类:
◆ 免维护无须补液; ● UPS不间断电源;
◆ 内阻小,大电流放电性能好; ● 消防备用电源;
◆ 适应温度广; ● 安全防护报警系统;
◆ 自放电小; ● 应急照明系统;
◆ 使用寿命长; ● 电力,邮电通信系统;
◆ 荷电出厂,使用方便; ● 电子仪器仪表;
◆ 安全防爆; ● 电动工具,电动玩具;
◆ 独特配方,深放电恢复性能好; ● 便携式电子设备;
◆ 无游离电解液,侧倒仍能使用; ● 摄影器材;
◆ 产品通过CE,ROHS认证,所有电池 ● 太阳能、风能发电系统;
符合国家标准。 ● 巡逻自行车、红绿警示灯等。
1、电池的容量
(1)电池的额定容量
电池的额定容量规定为:在环境温度25℃,指定时率下放出的容量
24Ah(包括24Ah)以下的电池的额定容量是指20时率下的容量;
24Ah 以上的电池的额定容量是指10 时率下的容量。
例如:12V7Ah
容量检测方法:以(7÷20)A=0.35A放电至10.5V时,电池放电时间不低于20小时。
又例:12V100Ah
容量检测方法:以(100÷10)A=10A放电至10.5V时,电池放电时间不低于10小时。
(2)不率及放电终止电压
电池通常采用10时率或20时率,有时也用3时率、1时率,0.5时率等。但其放电电流、终止电压不完全相同,参见表二。
(3)电池的实际容量
电池在使用初期,其实际容量能达到额定容量,随着浮充使用时间延长,实际使用容量逐渐下降,低于电池的额定容量。
1. Capacity of battery
(1) Rated capacity of battery
The rated capacity of the battery is specified as the capacitydischarged at the specified rate at the ambient temperature of 25℃
The rated capacity of the battery below 24Ah (including 24Ah)refers to the capacity at the rate of 20 hours;
The rated capacity of batteries above 24Ah refers to thecapacity at the rate of 10 hours.
For example: 12v7ah
Capacity test method: when discharging to 10.5V with (7 ÷ 20) a= 0.35A, the battery discharge time shall not be less than 20hours.
Another example: 12V100AH
Capacity test method: when the battery is discharged to 10.5Vwith (100 ÷ 10) a = 10a, the discharge time of the battery shallnot be less than 10 hours.
(2) Different time rate and discharge termination voltage
The battery usually uses 10 hour rate or 20 hour rate, sometimes3 hour rate, 1 hour rate, 0.5 hour rate, etc. However, thedischarge current and termination voltage are not the same, seeTable II.
(3) Actual capacity of battery
At the initial stage of use, the actual capacity of the batterycan reach the rated capacity. With the extension of floating chargeuse time, the actual use capacity gradually decreases, which islower than the rated capacity of the battery.
UPS互动运行 UPS line interactive operation
任何UPS运行时,在正常运行方式下,负载电力的连续性由使用UPS逆变器或使用一个电源接口来保证,此时,主电源与输入电源的频率一致。……
UPS后备运行 UPS passive standby operation
任何UPS运行时,在正常运行方式下,负载主要由市电供电,并承受输入电压(见注)和频率在规定限值内的变化。……,(注:正常运行方式下,主电源可以由辅助装置,例如铁磁谐振调节器或静态装置等来调节)。
在我国GB/T7260-3标准中的附录B所描述的各种UPS电路中,也有如下的说明:
B.3 UPS互动运行
在正常运行方式下,由合适的电源通过并联的交流输入和UPS逆变器向负载供电。逆变器或者电源接口的操作是为了调节输出电压和/或给蓄电池充电。……(见图B.3)
B.5 UPS后备运行
在正常运行方式下,负载由交流输入电源的主电源经由UPS开关供电。可能需结合附加设备(例如铁磁谐振变压器或自动抽头切换变压器)对供电进行调节。
当交流输入供电超出UPS的预定允差时,起动逆变器而使UPS单元转入储能供电运行方式,并使负载直接或通过UPS开关(可能是电子式或机电式开关)转移到逆变器。……(见图B.5)
从这些说明和电路中,可以很清楚地分清这两种不同的UPS。简单来说:
(1)互动式UPS的逆变器在正常运行方式下,是与电源并联接在电路中,它除了要给电池充电之外,还起到调节输出电压的作用。这时的逆变器电压与经过调节的市电电压相同,是同步的。在市电超差时,市电停止供电,由电池向逆变器提供能量,再向负载供电。
(2)后备式UPS在正常运行方式下,市电经过输出开关,直接向负载供电。其逆变器是不与市电相连的,正常供电时不工作。在市电故障时,市电停止供电,转换开关将电池投向逆变器,由逆变器向负载供电。
就是这样简单的区别和特点,怎么就说不清楚呢?
2 电压瞬变恢复时间的测试
在这个标准中,还叙述了电压瞬变恢复时间的概念和检测方法,在标准的定义部分是这样写的:
3.4 电压瞬变恢复时间(Transient recorery time)
在输入电压为额定值,输出接阻性负载,输出电流由零至额定电流和由额定电流至零突变时,输出电压恢复到220V(1±3%)范围内所需要的时间。
这个说明看来很清楚,也很简单。却经不起仔细推敲。现用一组某品牌UPS的数据来分析一下